New Horizons Await
Embark on a journey that challenges the conventional cosmological model and reveals the mysteries of the universe.
“In my treatment of the planetary problem I chose these limiting conditions in the form of the following assumption: it is possible to select a system of reference so that at spatial infinity all the gravitational potentials guv become constant. But it is by no means evident a priori that we may lay down the same limiting conditions when we wish to take larger portions of the physical universe into consideration.”
Albert Einstein
Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity
A NEW PARADIGM
The Kinetic Potential and Gravitational Vacuum Hypothesis introduces a revolutionary cosmological model. By redefining the core assumptions of established theories, it offers a fresh perspective on the universe's fundamental workings. This groundbreaking hypothesis aims to close gaps in current models, providing a more comprehensive understanding of cosmic evolution, structure, and dynamics. Join us on this intellectual adventure as we reshape our understanding of the cosmos.
The model, while prescinding of the Cosmological Principle and assuming a frame of reference for the expansion of the universe, explains dark matter and dark energy.
The departure point from the Lambda-CDM model, and from General Relativity, is an objection to the way the observations which support the model are interpreted. These observations, made within the observable universe, should not be extrapolated to the entire universe.
We can only observe the expansion within the observable universe without a frame of reference, according to the Hubble Law, but we posit that the whole universe, in addition, is expanding from a reference point, the Big-Bang singularity.
The observable universe is a sphere within the total universe which looks homogeneous and isotropic, looks as it were only expanding from within with no center nor boundary, but is also moving, as we move with the expansion of the universe from its center.
Then the difference with respect to the Lambda-CDM model and from General Relativity is in the premises the models are founded on, and thus we propose that the universe is expanding from a center, which is a reference point, the universe has a boundary, mass has inertia with respect to space, and that stellar velocities are close to the speed of light.
The universe, as an isolated thermodynamic system, has an enthalpy which is the sum of its internal energy plus the product of its pressure times its volume.
This pressure times its volume, plus the kinetic energy of the expansion, plus the potential energy, with respect to the center, add up to dark energy .
In addition to the kinetic energy that drives the expansion at relativistic speed, what drives the acceleration of the expansion of the universe is the expansion of gravitation at the speed of light from the center of the universe, leaving a vacuum behind which matter tries to fill in.
Dark matter is the relativistic increase of mass, due to the speed of expansion, the Lorentz factor.
Proofs for the model are the natural explanation of dark energy and dark matter, and can be tested by measuring the energy required to accelerate particles in different directions and by measuring anisotropies in cosmic rays.
THE KINETIC POTENTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL VACUUM HYPOTHESIS
Despite its wide acceptance, the capability of the Lambda-CDM cosmological model to explain the real dynamics of our universe is rather limited.
General Relativity, described mathematically by Einstein´s Field Equations, and supposedly proven by observations, is at the foundations of the model.
Two fundamental aspects of the model are that the Universe is expanding, at low speeds, at an accelerating rate, and without a frame of reference, and, that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, the Cosmological Principle.
But the model, apart from not explaining the very beginning of the universe, does not account for dark matter nor for dark energy, concludes that the universe has expanded faster than the speed of light (made possible since space is supposedly expanding from within) and there are serious objections to the Cosmological Principle. Among them, the Hubble tension, the Axis of Evil, Planck Mission data, which has led ESA to conclude that the anisotropies in the CMB are statistically significant and cannot be ignored, and many additional issues.
Very eloquent is Karl Popper´s objection, “Because I dislike making of our lack of knowledge a principle of knowing something.” He summarized his position “as the cosmological principles were, I fear, dogmas that should not have been proposed”.
We posit a model, The Kinetic Potential and Gravitational Vacuum Hypothesis, which by doing away with the Cosmological Principle, mainly by assuming the universe has a center and a fixed frame of reference, it explains dark energy and dark matter among other precisions. The model is internally consistent, it is consistent with classical physics and the laws of thermodynamics, it is consistent with the observations we have within the observable universe, and brings “naturalness” to our understanding of how our universe works.
With respect to General Relativity the departure point is an objection to the way the observations which support the Lambda-CDM model are interpreted. The observations made within the observable universe, are then extrapolated to the entire universe. They should not be, which is an as valid alternative as the case they are.
The Lambda-CDM cosmological model was born with A. Einstein´s “Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity” describing a static, homogeneous, and isotropic universe and explicitly stating that the speed of displacement of the galaxies was very small with respect to the speed of light. The work of Friedman, Lemaître, de Sitter and others, and Hubble´s observations, after considerable discussion and amendments, proved the model right, given the premises Einstein defined.
But they are premises, they are not based on real scientific evidence as Popper well noted. After the discovery the universe is expanding at an increasing rate and the failure of the model to explain dark energy and dark matter, it is worth questioning the Cosmological Principle and the premises; Einstein himself left the issue open as indicated in the opening paragraph.
To wean ourselves from today´s Lambda-CDM model, a thought experiment is helpful.
We consider for the experiment a universe with a much larger gravitational constant (G) which should cause its mass to collapse some time after the Big Bang into a massive body, a blackhole or a neutron star, holding the entire mass of the universe.
How would this universe be like?
In addition to the massive body at its center, we would have gravitation expanding at the speed of light in all directions, creating additional space-time with a radius r(t). In between the massive body and the sphere with r(t) there would be an absolute vacuum with gravitation and some radiation.
Evidently there is a point of reference, a center, and a boundary (Figure 1).
And where would be gravitation expanding into? It would be just expanding, creating space-time as it expands away from the center, with no mass in it. It is worth noticing that the boundary is forever out of reach since it is expanding at the speed of light.
Figure 1
THE THOUGHT EXPERIMENT UNIVERSE TODAY
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“It ought to be remembered that there is nothing more difficult to take in hand,
or more uncertain in its success,
than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.
This coolness arises partly from fear of the opponents,
who have the laws on their side,
and partly from the incredulity of men,
who do not readily believe in new things until they have had a long experience of them.”
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince
